Heat olive oil in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion, carrot, celery, and fennel. Cook gently for 10-15 minutes until softened and starting to color.
Add garlic and cook for another minute. Stir in fregola pasta and borlotti beans.
Pour in stock or water, add bay leaves, thyme, rosemary, and Parmesan rind (if using). Season with salt and pepper. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to keep the soup at a gentle simmer and cook for 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, blanch broad beans in boiling water for 1 minute, drain, rinse with cold water, then peel the skins off and set aside.
Add tomatoes to the soup and cook for 5 minutes.
Add cabbage, green beans, courgettes, and peeled broad beans. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes until the green vegetables are tender.
Add peas and cook for another minute. Adjust seasoning and add a squeeze of lemon if desired.
For the herb dressing, finely chop basil and parsley, mix with olive oil, or blend in a blender. Serve the soup with the basil dressing and sprinkle grated Parmesan on top.